Updated 09/18/99

Hypertext
Dissertation
Frontmatter
Abstract
Chapter One

Phase Two
Toward a Subjective Reality of the Collaboratory
Chapter Six
Chapter Seven
Chapter Eight
Conclusion

References

Appendices
A. Retrieval Set
B. CIRAL Matrix
C. Participating
Collaboratories

Guest Book

Dissertation
Committee

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A Naturalistic Inquiry into the Collaboratory:
In Search Of Understanding
For Prospective Participants

Copyright ã joanne twining, 1999
All Rights Reserved

Agarwal, D.A., S.R. Sachs, W.E. Johnston. 1998. The reality of collaboratories. Computer Physics Communications. 110(1-3) : 134-141.

General introduction to Spectro-Microscopy Facility of the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Presents design of prototype, lessons learned, software architecture and components.

Allen, William H. 1993. The rise of the botanical database. Bioscience 43(5) : 274-279.

Advice on use of botanical database presented, new way of asking questions.

Allman, William F. 1993. Pioneering the electronic frontier. US News and World Report 115 (December) : 56-63.

News feature about people and how they use technology to collaborate. Rich description.

¨ Andersson, Jan, and Jerker Ronnerg. 1996. Collaboration and memory: Effects of dyadic retrieval on different memory tasks. Applied Cognitive Psychology 10 (February) : 171-181.

Experiment, collaborative retrieval - 2 experiments: how different types of memory tasks were affected by two individuals working together compared to working on their own.

¨ Ashton, Sarah, and Philippa Levy. 1998. European research letter: Networked learner support in higher education: Initiatives in professional development and research for a new role. JASIS 49 (July) : 850-853.

Libraries in support of networked learning, cultural change, professional development needs - teacher training, NLS - Networked learner support. U of Sheffield.

Banks, Peter M. 1993. "Collaboratory" principles. Science 262 (November) : 974.

Pre-Wulf history of collaboratory, rebuttal to Wulf 1993.

¨ Barua, Anitesh, Ramnath Chellappa, and Andrew B. Whinston. 1995. Creating a collaboratory in cyberspace: Theoretical foundation and implementation. Journal of Organizational Computing 5(4) : 417-442.

Complementarity theory development. implementation description, theory-based approach to the development of collaboratories on the Internet based on complementarity theory. Provides conceptual foundation for designing to maximize users' value through judicious choice of complementary design factors, document-centric, multimedia iterations between users http://cism.bus.utexas.edu Univ of Texas MIS collaboratory

¨ ________. 1996-1997. The design and development of Internet- and intranet-based collaboratories. International Journal of Electronic Commerce 1 (Winter) : 32-58.

Web deployment, calls for shift from proprietary to open standard collaboratory tools, and integration with databases. Enumerates and analyzes requirements for three types of collaboratory: individuals with overlapping interests but no formal ties, special-interest groups, organizations with interdependent workgroups. Reports results of a survey of the first collaboratory's users, which supports the theoretical platform shift for integration.

 

Birrell, James R., et al. 1998. Cooperative learning returns to college: What evidence is there that it works? Change 30 (July/August).

Report, what is cooperative learning? Theoretical roots, history, research report, differences among theories.

Bradley, Diane, and Janet Frederick. 1994. The Clinton electronic communications project: An experiment in electronic democracy. Internet Research 4 (Spring) : 64-70.

Research report. Determines degree to which White House material posted to net is more current and comprehensive than info available through more traditional means. Virtual vs. print currency.

Briefs: ARDIS e-mail support. 1995. Computerworld (December 11): 59.

Wireless multimedia collaboratory development.

Burns, Sara L., and Stephen E. Laubach. 1997. Virtual collaboratory, frac city, facilitates geoscientific collaboration and technology transfer. Proceedings of the Geoscience Information Society 28 (46): 111-115.

Design, report of implementation, problems inherent in distributed collaboration. describes "virtual collaboratory" web-based, database, hosted by 3rd party, for quick deployment and retirement, to promote the research to the interested public (113), http://www.frac-city.org

Casper, T.A., B. Howard, R. Hunt, et. al. 1989. Remote experimental environment: Building a collaboratory for fusion research. Computers in Physics 12 (May/June) : 220-226.

Implementation - testbed - description of. advanced computing, control, and collaboration DIII-D Tokamak, interactive remote participation in experiments. 1987-development, magnetic-fusion-energy research. Are the infrastructure and reports hidden in the physics literature, inaccessible by keyword? See bib for url Lawrence Livermore, LLNL, General Atomics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Princeton Plasma Physics Lab (PPPL). Hidden history in journal titles that don't use the word.

Chellapa, Ramnath, Anitesh Barua and Andrew B. Whinston. 1997. An electronic infrastructure for a virtual university. Communications of the ACM 40 (September) : 56-58.

Education implementation, goal-oriented. Virtual university- lacks conferencing.

Clement, John. 1992. Constructing the K-12 collaboratory on the NREN. Educom Review 27 (May/June): 18-20.  

Column. Scalability, types of projects, need for communication among K-12.  

¨ Citera, Maryalice. 1998. Distributed teamwork: The impact of communication media on influence and decision quality. JASIS 49(9) : 792-800.

Research - media effects of communication, decision-making, evaluation apprehension, dominant communicators retain, regardless of media (face-to-face, telephone, computer); less dominant had higher levels of influence on phone, computer.

Computers seen revolutionizing research labs. 1991. The Scientist 5(18) : 1-2.

News type article wish list of visionary scientists. "Except it's not really a place, it's a distributed electronic environment."

Cooper, Jim. 1993. "Collaboratory" hopes to drive superhighway. Broadcasting and Cable 123 (December) : 58.

"Collaboratory on Information Infrastructure" formed to form superhighway, Bellcore and media companies...video transmission over copper wires.

Dede, Chris. 1996. Emerging technologies in distance education for business. Journal of Education for Business 71 (March) : 197-204.

Report of research, "collective good" social network capital, knowledge captial, knowledge webs, communication, edu for business, disinhibition, CoVis

________. 1997. Rethinking: How to invest in technology. Educational Leadership 55 (November) : 12-16

Education application. "distributed learning."

Denley, Ian, and Andy Whitefield. 1998. A case history in applying task analysis in the design of a multimedia cooperative document production system. JASIS 49 (July) : 817-831.

Describes design and analysis work in development of a multiauthor, multimedia document production system (MAMMDPP)

Dessy, Raymond E. 1997. Der Wir Prinzip. Analytical Chemistry News and Features 69 (December) : 741A-742A.

Review of web configurations and considerations, lots of URLS. Refers to NetMeeting, mostly about conferencing. Change. "Bayesian" approaches

Edelson, Daniel C, Pea, Roy D., Gomez, Louis M. 1996. The collaboratory notebook. Communications of the ACM 39 (April) : 32-33.

CoVis software- url provided

Edelson, Daniel C., et al. 1995. A design for effective support of inquiry and collaboration. CSCL '95 Proceedings 36 (October) : 107-111.

Examines the design goals of the collab notebook….software. (shared hypermedia databased to provide scaffold for students as they learn to collaborate). Reviews studies in sociology of knowledge.

Eroom 2.0: The easy way to collaborate. 1998. PC World 16 (July) : 84.

Eroom 2.0 collaboration software introduction.

Finholt, Thomas A. 1995. Evaluation of electronic work: Research on collaboratories at the University of Michigan. SIGOIS Bulletin 16 (December) : 49-51.

Research update (NSF supported), historical. Role of behavioral sciences. implications for studying digital libraries, UARC description. Medical collaboratory. Design philosophy, Role of behavioral science, implications for studying digital libraries

Finhold, Thomas A. and Gary M. Olson. 1997. From laboratories to collaboratories: A new organizational form for scientific collaboration. Psychological Science 8 (January) : 28-37.

General article. Examines collaboratories in physical sciences and potential impact on psychological science, collaboratories will not themselves change science, authors from umich. Contains TABLE OF ADDRESSES OF ONLINE COLLABORATORIES, 5 medicine, one humanities, 2 chemistry, 3 biology, 2 space. Includes MOOs as collabs. Research "has not been guided by a grand plan" (29).

¨ Fox, Geoffrey C. and Jojtek Furmanski. 1995. The use of the national information infrastructure and high performance computers in industry. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Massively Parallel processing Using Optical Interconnections. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press : 298-312.

Infrastructure, future of the web. Open technologies. Application areas: business, health care, defense, education, collaboratory, manufacturing.

¨ Glasner, Peter. 1996. From community to 'collaboratory'? The Human Genome Mapping Project and the changing culture of science. Science and Public Policy 23 (April): 109-116.

Research, culture. Attempt to conceptualize scientific communities in sociology, virtual has no real impact on accepted views of the culture of science, environment may be better for small, rather than "big science." Why some scientists don't use. Double-blind situations "Cyberplatonic Dream." Based on research of Human Genome Mapping Project Worm Community System nice definitions of science, 4 levels of published information (112).

¨ Haga, Hirohide. 1996. Generic model of collaboration. The Science and Engineering Review of Doshisha University 37 (July) : 34-44.

Theory. Model of collaboration based on participant and commitment functions by providing values to attribute to information flow. Model of asynchronous collaboration proposed. Five typical examples of new collaboration types, 4 elements: information flow with attributes, a set of participants, a function from one information flow to the subset of participants (participant function), and a function from one participant to the subset of information flows (commitment function).

Hardin, Steve R. 1998. Michael Schrage and collaboration: Delivering information services through collaboration. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 24 (August/September) : 6-8.

Interview with Michael Schrage: information, relationships, augmentation, automation.

¨ Harper, Richard, and Abigail Sellen. 1995. Collaborative tools and the practicalities of professional work at the Internatinoal Monetary Fund. CHI '95 Proceedings Papers. http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/Electronic/
documnts/papers/rh_bdy.htm

Cultural inertia argument for need for paper. Accessed 9/98. Which info good for paper, which for digital. Reuse of information. Media richness. Judgement.

Henline, Pamela, Compiler and Editor. 1998. Eight collaboratory summaries. Interactions 5 (May) : 66-72. NY: Association for Computing Machinery.

Brief summary of eight implementations with URLS and funding info. Book listing.

¨ Huang, Milton P. and Norman E. Alessi. 1996. The Internet and the future of psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry 153 (July) : 861-869.

Psychiatry model of Internet: four layers of people and technology that work together, must be grasped in entirety to be understood, factors.

IBM Develops Virtual City Web Site. 1997. Newsbytes News Network (May 16).

IBM forms institutional collaboratory http://www.ieg.ibm.com

¨ Jeffay, K, J.K. Lin, J. Menges, et. al. 1992. Architecture of the artifact-based collaboration system matrix. CSCW 92 Proceedings (November): 195-202.

Describes a component of the UNC collaboratory project, argues need not new tools but better infrastructure for using single-user tools collectively. Design of software systems as a single whole. NSF funding.

Johnson, David W. 1998. Collaboration, communities, and Covey: A Model for personal and professional change. Clearing House. 71 (July/August) : 359-362.

Establishing collaborative relations, uses Stephen R. Covey's (1989) "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People" as framework for initiating and sustaining teacher education reform in one elementary school within Brigham Young University Public School Partnership.

¨ Karamuftuoglu, Murat. 1997. Designing language games in Okapi. Journal of Documentation 53 (January) : 69-73.

Information retrieval from perspective of semiotics (signs). Two conflicting speech acts: "detonation" transmits info from database to user. "prescriptives" can be used to invent new connections between documents, thus create new knowledge.

Keis, Jonathan K., Robert C. Williges, and Mary Beth Rosson. 1998. Coordinating computer-supported cooperative work: A Review of research issues and strategies. JASIS 49(9) : 776-791.

Review of research issues and strategies, roles different communication channels play in coordinating work in cooperative systems. Match to task, computer as a communication medium / outlines advantages, presents relevant socio-technical consideration, describes research methods available , Research issues and strategies for implementing CSCW.

Kiernan, Vincent. 1997. All the world's a lab. New Scientist 154 (April): 34-7.

Feature article. Description of various collabs -- good narrative, Tonner at Uwisc-Madison / Lawrence Berkeley Nat'l Lab , X-ray beam - spectro-microscopy facility.

Kilman, David G. and David W. Forshund. 1997. An international collaboratory based on virtual patient records. Communications of the ACM 40(8) : 110-117.

Describes collaboratory patient virtual records. See TeleMed (Online), concept of collab, rich description of use. http://www.acl.lanl.gov/TeleMed Concept, culture of collab, international.

Kling, Rob. 1991. Cooperation, coordination and control in computer-supported work. Communications of the ACM 34(12): 24.

Conjunction of technology, users, and worldview, CSCW --- C words.

Kouzes, Richard T. 1995. Creating the cyberspace laboratory. The World and I 10. Washington, DC: The Washington Times Corp.

Collaboratory basics. Author is PNL molecular science lab collaboratory.

________. 1997. Collaboratories: Can we work together apart?. Scientific Computer and Automation 14 (January): 52-54.

Conceptual introduction. Complex intertwining. the sociology of collaboration, groupware, functional requirement. See list of URLS to collab resouces on the web. http://www.scamag.com

Kouzes, Richard T, James D. Myers, and William A. Wulf. 1996. Collaboratories: doing science on the Internet. Computer 41 (August) : 40-46.

Overview, technical aspects, progress report. Technical, sociological challenges, barriers to adoption Prototypes, collaboratory types: peer-to-peer, mentor-student, interdisciplinary, producer-consumer.

Kovacs, Laszlo. 1998. Discovery of resources within a distributed library system. Communications of the ACM 41 (April): 78-79.

Technical limits, aims, expectations, intro, history of computational science, digital library, VRML color and spatial organizational structure. See URL for Digital Library collaboratory Working Group.

¨ Kydd, Christine T. and Diane L. Ferry. 1991. Computer supported cooperative work tools and media richness: An integration of the literature. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences IV(5) : 324-332. Eds. Jay F. Nunamaker, Jr. and Ralph H. Sprague, Jr. Organizational Systems and Technology Track. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.

Literature review. tools evaluation, presents an evaluation of the successes and failures of computer supported cooperative work tools in terms of a behavioral theory which suggests that information processing occurs during group work to 1. Reduce uncertainty and 2. Resolve eqivocality., Matching the situation with the appropriate tool is important to implementation success. If uncertainty is the issue, tools that transmit large amounts; if equivocality, those which are media rich. Surprising results of actual tools use.

Lepkowski, Wil. 1993. Information revolution offers policy challenges to researchers, other users. News Edition of the American Chemical Society 71(21) : 25-26. Easton, PA: The Society

Think tank reports from Council of Competitiveness and NRC 1993, Clinton agenda, dark side of the revolution: social polarization between information haves and have-nots.

Lewin, David I. 1996. An interview with Mark Ellisman: Building an imaging collaboratory. Computers in Physics 10 (Sep/Oct): 414-5.

Interview, report of project, molecular- and cellular-imaging collaboratory, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR) at UCSD. No url given.

Lyman, Peter. 1996. What is a digital library? Technology, intellectual property, and the public interest. Daedalus 125 (Fall): 1-33.

Visualization, collab= "a form of living textuality" see footnote 19. Digital library, social aspects, description. See footnote #4 re literacy. Reading. Space. "Is it possible to create public institutions in cyberspace?"

¨ Mantovani, Giuseppe. 1995. Virtual reality as a communication environment: Consensual hallucination, fiction, and possible selves. Human Relations 48(6) : 669-683.

Virtual reality as a communication environment from point of view of social psychology. Reviews research on quality of current VR systems integrated into self-identity theory. "technologies nurture specific political, ideological, and also mystical beliefs as essential aspects of their moral foundation."

McCune, Jenny C. 1998. Working together, but apart. Management Review 87 (September).

Intro to collaboration, collaboration gap - reasons for success and failure; need trust, technical and personal issues for failure.

McNamara, Sean. 1992. Australia: Cray and Swinburne form research center. Newsbytes News Networks (July).

Announcement of Australian Computational Research collaboratory (ACRC) for business and industry

Metcalfe, Bob. 1997. Electronic Taj Mahals might reduce travel to and from session breaks. InfoWorld 19 (January) : 44.

ACM collaboratory initiative, questions on design concepts, Wulf calls collabs "time machines." See urls and email addresses.

Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 1995. Migrating towards an European scientific collaboratory. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 889(38) : 190-197.

"Tell me and I forget, show me and I remember, involve me and understand" -Chinese proverb (190) E-collaboratory in Europe. Explores migration steps to provide functionality.

¨ Mitchell, Will, and Kulwant Singh. 1996. Survival of businesses using collaborative relationships to commercialize complex goods. Strategic Management Journal 17 (April) : 169-195.

Research - effects of collaboration on businesses delivering complex goods,

NTIS DIALOG(R)File265:FEDRIP#00343290. 1998. Molecular interactive collaborative environments (MICE). Principal Investigator: Bourne, Philip. 84. UC San Diego.

Research grant award announcement - continuing, abstract.

Olson, Gary M..1995. An appreciation of Laurence Rosenberg. Communications of the ACM 38(4 ) : 75.

Obiturary NSF collaboratory pioneer.

Olson, Gary M., Daniel E Atkins, Robert Clauer, et al. 1998. The Upper Atmospheric Research Collaboratory. Interactions 3 (May): : 48-55. NY: Association for Computing Machinery.

Feature Article. About Upper Atmospheric Research collaboratory. (UARC). Graphics of screen, traffic patterns, etc. information article.

Page, Heather. 1998. Remote control. Entrepreneur 62 (October): 149-153.

Overview of products, RULES. netmeeting, other software,

Paton, Graham. 1997. 'Information system' as intellectual construct--its only valid form. Systems Research and Behavioral Science 14(1) : 67-72.

Critique of the meme of information systems. proposes "holon" instead. Information and system deconstructed. Information is a particular parcel of knowledge acquired at a particular moment in time. Objects themselves are NOT information. Info system is an intellectual construct, its only valid form; computers are the tool. Layers, like ISO layers for internetworking...depends on what layer you are whether data is information, etc.

PNL plans environmental research on Internet. 1994. Science 265(5181) : 90.

Pacific Northwest Laboratories announcement

Reed, Daniel A., Roscoe C. Giles and Charles E. Catlett. 1997. Distributed data and immersive collaboration. Communications of the ACM 40 (November) : 38-48.

Feature article: technical limits, aims, expectations, introduction to concept. History of computational sciences follows same path as experimental science

¨ Rice, Ronald E., Elizabeth More, and John D'Ambra. 1995. Cross-cultural comparison of organizational media evaluation and choice. Proceedings of the 58th ASIS Annual Meeting Vol 32: Forging New Partnerships in Information. Ed., Kinney, Tom. Medford NJ: Information Today, Inc.: 189-193.

Research, statistics, analyzes correlation among richness, eqivocality, and preferences, and differences among means and relationships across four countries.

¨ Robbin, Alice. 1995. SIPP ACCESS, An information system for complex data: A case studying creating a collaboratory for the social sciences. Internet Research 5 (November) : 37-66.

Review of NRC 1993 report. Report of infrastructure implementation, report of human resources in design and implement. and education of users. evaluates selected aspects of one implementation, examines obstacles to collaboratory development for the social sciences uses relational database, overview of pre-Wulf collaboratory. "c-cubed" = communication, cooperation and collaboration.

Roe, Eunice M. 1993. Current affairs and contemporary issues collaboratory: Criteria for selecting resources. 14th National Online Meeting Proceedings (May). Medford, NJ: Learned Information : 355-364.

Proposed collab for current affairs and contemporary issues, new skills for librarians. Sets librarian's criteria for selecting resources to support collab work...electronic. Develops collaboratory learning model (sphere in pyramid)…"because of the cognitive nature of the collaboratory, in which information is not just received, but where it is evaluated and manipulated and knowledge is constructed, usability factor takes on special importance."(361) Suggests that librarian needs to develop additional knowledge and skills.

Rome, James A.. 1998. Science from a distance: Molding a virtual laboratory. The World and I 13 (October) : 182.

Implementation. social issues, MMC use of telemicroscopes, Author from Oak Ridge National Lab see URL in body of article,

Rosenberg, Lawrence C. 1991. Update on the National Science Foundation funding of the "collaboratory". Communications of the ACM 34 (December) : 83-88.

Three programs: Coordination Theory and Collaboration Technology Special Initiative (CT2), Scientific Databases, Gigabit Network Project. collaboratory, cooperation, convivial, conflict, control, coercion, counter-productive conformity. "Need a more substantial shift from technological utopianism to social realism in the CSCW literature."(87).

Ross-Flanigan, Nancy. 1998. The virtues (and vices) of virtual colleagues. MIT's Technology Review 101 (March) : 52-59.

Collaborators may generate more ideas, but trust is hard to develop. Human aspects of working in Collab. Personal benefits and behaviors See URLS for Collabs.

¨ Rugelj, Joze and Viktor Svigelj. 1997. Computer supported multimedia environment for the support of long-distance collaboration in medicine. Tenth IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press : 215-260.

Architecture of medical collaboratory is designed to enable close ties between the collaborating partners, to accelerate the development and dissemination of basic knowledge, and to minimize the time-lag between diagnosis and corresponding treatment.

Ruhleder, Karen and John Leslie King. 1991. Computer support for work across space, time, and social worlds. Journal of Organizational Computing 1(4) : 341-355.

Examines the assumptions of the model of collaborative work behind the collaboratory. Success WOULD be worthy prize; challenge is daunting. Two functions: processing and communication of information. Need integrated functions, to understand social and organizational factors. "fuzzy social organization" of academic collaboration….human glue.

¨ Schooler, E.M. Casner, S. and Postel, J. 1991. Multimedia conferencing: Has it come of age? 83. USC, Marina del Ray, Information Sciences Institute.

Research report, multimedia teleconferencing as key component of collaboratory, abstract.

Schrage, Michael. 1991. Computer Tools for Thinking in Tandem. Science 253 (August) : 505-7.

Report...state of the art, articles that get published are really historical things, creating copresence. the most important mode of collaboration is the literature interact dynamically and dialectically author of "Shared Minds." More like dialogue than set of soliloquies, "information cliques," "now the reader can structure the knowledge."

Science from a distance: security and collaboratories. 1998. The World and I 13(87).

Sheridan, Cormac. 1997. Come into the collaboratory. Technology Ireland 29 (September) : 32-4.

General report from UCD chemistry dept.

¨ Swanson, G. A., Kenneth D. Bailey, and James Grier Miller. 1997. Entropy, social entropy and money: A living systems theory perspective. Systems Research and Behavioral Science 14(1) : 45-65.

Research paper, entropy as a measure of system disorganization. How entropy occurs and is measured in social systems. Role of money-information markers in the recurring organization and disorganization of social entities is identified as an aspect of social entropy, integrates living systems theory social entropy theory and macro accounting theory.

Thomas, Susan Gregory. 1996. Software that turns kids on. US News and World Report 121 (December) : 96-97.

Software. Children.

Towards a national collaboratory: The role of the electric library. 1989. Information Intelligence, Online Libraries, and Microcomputers 7 (December) : 1-4.

Report on role of Libraries in collaboratory: resources that would use telecommunications and computer technology to provide remote access to scarce and expensive national scientific assets as well as provide improved communications among the scientific community. three-fold research approach for Libraries proposed. Role of libraries in computer technology, telecommunication infrastructure and tools which would allow researchers to work with remote facilities (co-laboratory) and each other (collaborat-ory) as if they were in physical proximity.

¨ Travica, Bob. 1995. Culture of collaboration: An exploration into the accounting industry. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences IV(5) : 194-199. Eds. Jay F. Nunamaker, Jr. and Ralph H. Sprague, Jr. Organizational Systems and Technology Track. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.

Research, exploratory study. "Culture of collaboration" among professionals in accounting firm, dimensions of exchange: knowledge exchange, reliance on colleagues in gathering information, sharing of accountability within work teams, sharing of trust among office colleagues, communication over team boundaries, reliance on IT in everyday work (194).

Wehrwein, Peter. 1998. US National Cancer Institute creates Cancer Genetics Network. Lancet 352 (August) : 460.

Announcement. of new network, cancer-bio. Databased. Internet provided: speed progress.

Weintrab, Hal, et. al. 1995. Through the glass lightly. Science 267 (March) : 1609-1618.

Scientists share their ideas of the future….to 2005. Genetics, biology, biochemistry, chemistry, physics.

¨ Wilson, Paul. 1991. Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW): Origins, concepts and research initiatives. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 23(1-3) : 91-95.

Report . Origins, concepts and research initiatives, origins of CSCW. components of CSCW. CSCW products. networking requirements and opportunities. Applicability of collaboratory to Europe.

Wulf, William A. 1989. Government's role in the national network. Educom Review 24(2) : 22-16.

Background of NSFNet development, why collaboratory is important, report following Rockefeller U workshop. "Analog wet lab" analogy

________. 1993. The collaboratory opportunity. Science 261 (August) : 854-855.

Visualization…rehash of White Paper and Lederberg and Uncapher Report. See Banks (1993) for rebuttal about history of collab.

Zaluzec, N.J. 1996. Tele-Presence Microscopy/LabSpace: An interactive collaboratory for use in education and research. Microscopy and Microanalysis Conference 85 : 382-383.

Collab as merely an exercise in computer programming and digital control. Needs for "real collaboration" to happen.

Ziemba, Stanley. 1996. Ameritech Gives NU $1.8 Million. Chicago Tribune August 21. North Sports Final Edition.

Newspaper article, funding announcement, collaboratory. Northwestern University, Chicago.

CIRAL Matrix ->